Since independence (1965) Botswana's leaders have go on board on a programme of virtuous governance and the setting up of resilient institutions. Not like many other former British colonial sub-Saharan countries, Botswana has avoided the low-growth paths of many African countries. This article contributes to explaining the prominence of institutional eminence and efficacy in determining economic growth. We also document that an unbalanced division of the domestic production is directly linked to an increase of the intra-household conflicts. We find that men only changed their participation in household chores when they became a `quasi-leisure' because of the pandemic. Relied on own-collected data about French partnered women, we show that the lockdown did not offer an opportunity to strongly renegotiate the housework and childcare between partners. Chapter 4 analyses the effect of the stay-at-home policy during the 2020 Spring in France on the household chores division and the occurrence of the conflicts at home. Alternative measures of women's political direct participation during the revolution at geographical level support our findings. We exploit the geographic heterogeneity of the Arab Spring Events in Egypt to show that the most exposed women to high protest intensity are more likely to have final say in their household, and to experience a decline in the acceptation of the domestic violence and their daughters' circumcision. Our mechanism states that higher bride price associated to higher education increases the women's marriage age.Chapter 3 refers to the literature about the effect of women political participation on women's empowerment. Excluding the religious conversion role to explain the delay of their marriage, we show that this effect is significantly linked to the marriage payment norms. Using a newly own-collected dataset on mission's location and past schooling supply, we show that women who are located near historical missions tend to be more educated and get married latter. This dissertation provides three empirical essays related to the gender economics documenting the marriage timing long-term determinants, the intra-household women's empowerment, the housework division and the conflicts in the couple.Chapter 2 investigates the long-run effects of missionary' activities in Togo and Benin on the marriage market. Gender issues have recently flourished in the public attention due to the women's mobilizations for their rights during the last decade. Some of the most prosperous pre-colonial areas lost their advantage because of their hostility: other areas caught up and Despite the absence of a ‘reversal of fortune’ within former French West Africa, Partly due to lower colonial investments. Less European settlers than they would have received had they not been so hostile, resulting in lower current performances Power to colonisation provides a random variation in European settlement since it damaged the profitability of colonial activitiesĪnd dissuaded Europeans from settling, but does not have a direct effect on current outcomes. ![]() I argue that the African hostility towards colonial ![]() In a positive relationship between pre- and post-colonial performances. That the European settlement had a strong positive impact on current outcomes, even in an extractive colonial context, resulting ![]() Did colonisation change the distribution of prosperity within French-speaking West Africa? Using a new database on both pre-colonialĪnd colonial contexts, this paper gives evidence that Europeans tended to settle in more prosperous pre-colonial areas and
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